Engineering.us

 

Unedited Text & Notes. See below for edited portions under social engineering                                                           Unedited Text                 EDITED TEXT

Theoretical Law and Social Engineering Derivations of Peace Introduction    In five thousand years of human civilizations nations have risen, prospered, and declined into irrelevance. America is reaching a turning point in its evolution, it must either redefine itself or flounder among nations who are growing ever more prosperous and powerful. There is a limit to what America can produce and sell oversees because labor is far cheaper in foreign countries. It cannot continue to compete for intellectual and scientific advancement because institutions of research and education are underfunded. Personal and national debt continues to climb to unreasonable levels that will soon be increased by a tsunami of additional debt when entitlement programs come due. Resolving the issue of global warming by itself carries with it immense costs and personal sacrifices citizens might be reluctant to fund. The quality of education has declined over the last fifty years as administrative and parental politics has left a spotty distribution of good schools and marginal ones around the country. And, virtually unnoticed is a slow spiral downward of the culture with a steady rise in crime and incarceration of criminals. And, yet with all these problems there is no plan in place to stem the tide of a declining nation. The quality of life in America also is diminishing being replaced with a general sense of insecurity and anxiety about the future. Peace has always been elusive, but today it is even more out of reach. American law is a dinosaur that devours the resources of the nation in ways that serves better the needs of the legal community than the ordinary citizen. Law serves as a function of business needs instead of being function human need. A nation is a place to live, work, play and create things not merely a place where money is extracted from people in dubious ways the name of economic concern. The nation today is “about the money, the power and the prestige, “when it should be more about the nation as a community--a place to create, work and play. The pursuit of money creates a vicious circle of need. Since “more is never enough” here there arises an unreasonable search for more wealth, power and prestige giving rise to a morally empty culture. History says great nation decline and fall but theoretically there may be a way out the decline. America can be systematically restructured the society in ways that reflect civilization building as a science instead of an off-the-wall process. Alternatives to restructuring seem non-existent and time is short. The next logical move for America is to evolve upward instead of spiraling down into economic and social decline. To do so requires the development and implementation of what is known as social engineering America is a wasteful inefficient nation whose education is declining, its national debt is rising in a world where other nations can produce better products cheaper. America is lacking in spirit and without any discernable goals like the goal of space travel evident in the 1960's. Without at least a dream, there is little hope of a future where this country will be a leader among nations. But then one must not underestimate this nation's ability to reinvent itself. January 18, 2009 Chapter 1: Civilization Building When cities grow the construction of buildings and streets follows a well thought out plan. Such planning is called urban design. When civilizations grow they evolve in a more or less hit or miss way. This organic way of creating new societies works well, at least for a while. But, if a civilization is to endure in the long-term of say thousands of years it must begin a more systematic approach to civilization-building. To visualize where we are, think of the American economy as "the little steam engine that could." This social, political and economic engine is a marvel to many, but it frequently breaks down and so life in America is not always predictable. The little engine that could is after all a primitive coal burning device. It pollutes the atmosphere, it wastes energy, and it is costly to run. Instead of building a new streamlined and efficient the nation prefers to make temporary patches to the engine every time it breaks down. The result is that developing nations gain competitive advantages as America ceases to flourish, being preoccupied with break-downs and quick fixes all the time. Moreover this once great nation is lacking a will, a spirit to break out of its decline. A goal of human endeavor should be to build a Civilization. Here the word Civilization is spelled with a capital "C" because it denotes a highly dynamic, high energy system in which efficiency is so great and the level of social cooperation so high that "social fission" occurs propelling its people into a world a quantum level beyond what exists today. A Civilization is a dynamic high powered system. Because there is a reasonable balance between all interests a state of fairness exists in the society. This is all very theoretical but it is a theory that has substance based on the idea that America's political, economic, is systemically inefficient. When a state of social fairness is finally achieved through reasoned laws and govenment policies a more creative and cooperative culture is possible releasing societal energies unthought of. If citizens are always being exploited in a society that favors wealth, power, and businss business over personal intereststhe nation will not produce as much as they would in a more equitable and fair society. Four important elements are involved in the construction of the foundation of a Civilization. They are equity, integrity, education, self-reliance and systemic efficiency. The presence of these elements keeps the social system moving forward rather than backwards. These elements must exist for a civilization to endure for thousands of years. There are other factors less important that theoretically emerge as construction moves forward. A brief explanation of these elements are outlined below. A more exhaustive explanation will come later. Equity This is the most important element involved in civilization-building. Simply put, social equity relates to fairness. It does not mean that every person in a society gets exactly what the other person is gets all the time, just some of the time where it counts. Building a civilization for human beings means some small amount of inequity, inefficiency, crime may continue to exist in the first stage of building a Civilization. Humans define themselves by their enormous capacity for tolerance. For instance, they can put up for decades with greedy corporations milking hundreds of billions of dollars from the government. But after a certain point inequity confirms itself and it must be brought to an end. The root of social equity can be found in taxation. Thus, it could be said that fair taxation of the citizens is a fundamental ingredient in building an enduring and stable society. There cannot be tolerance or give and take with respect to taxation. All private citizens must pay an equal percentage of their income irrespective of any deductions. The reason for this harsh viewpoint is the observation that today's system of taxation is essentially a shell game that favors the wealthy. The tax code is 19 volumns in length with approximately 600 pages of codes in each volumns. Some of these codes are difficult to decipher by the experts becasue they were written with specific individual and economic interests. Thus the tax benefits of deductions are concealed in the complexity of the codes. Since the public never see how taxpayers apply the codes for their purposes and how much they are deducting there can be no outrage for congressional favoritism. Moreover, those who are not wealthy, with few assets to deduct, do not have adequate access to experts to guide them through a maze of decisions about investing and avoiding taxes. This inequity arises from the fact that working people are focused on their jobs, making a living, providing for their children, paying bills, and the like. The wealthy on the other hand have plenty of spare time to go around the backs of working men and women and write tax codes that benefit themselves. This issue is a fundamental one that must be resolved before a Civilization can be built. If you want to get the most out of people you cannot constantly disadvantage and fleece them.     Equity Integrity Education Self-Reliances This is social engineering written in an evolutionary context. Theoretical Law and Social Engineering goes well beyond this into political and economic considerations. . Social Engineering Evolutionaryethics.com    The idea of social engineering reasonably follows from the integration of cybernetics, mathematics, and ethics. From the synthesis of these disciplines, the evolution of ethical systems can theoretically be shown to be a highly organized process. However, methodically uncovering this organization would likely involve a time-consuming process of research and experimentation, following a path similar to that which science took to uncover the basic principles of engineering.    A comparison can be made between the evolution of engineering principles in the field of structural engineering and the as-yet undefined engineering principles of human societies. If a building is constructed in conformity with prudent engineering principles, it obviously will withstand the effects of an earthquake more successfully than a building that is not. Societies can also be said to have structure. Structure is ordinarily thought of in terms of economic or political arrangements, but there is a deeper structuring of laws, traditions, and customs that form the backbone of a thriving society. When people abide by the rules of their culture, they reinforce and add to its structural integrity. Integral systems, whether mechanical or social, can clearly survive uncommon stresses and strains better than poorly constructed ones.    A building's ability to survive in an earthquake is a function of its conformity to basic engineering principles. Similarly, a person's ability to assimilate into a culture and derive benefit from it can be said to be a function of conformity to certain laws, customs, manners, and moral traditions. Not all poorly constructed buildings will fall in an earthquake, nor will all people's lives be harmed if they do not conform to social standards. However, when people do not want to leave their future to chance, they tend to follow more conservative path-making decisions. For instance, property owners often have considerable investments in their buildings and thus may not want to put those investments at risk. Likewise, people who have carefully built their careers may not want to get involved in questionable practices that jeopardize the product of years of hard work. Therefore, to insure that problems are held to a minimum, people adopt practices that are known for their beneficial effects. In both structural and social engineering the object of good design work should be to make events (mechanical and human) both predictable and functional.    A society builds structure when it evolves in an organized way. Likewise, people build structure when they adopt certain rules of order. If the way people structure their lives is poorly defined, the relationships they establish with others will lack definition and integrity. The bonds such relationships create will not always be strong enough to withstand the intense ups and downs of conflict and stress that often occur between people in stressful times. Therefore, it is possible to make a comparison between the effects of stresses and strains on the integral construction of a building, and the effects of uncommon stress on the integral construction (emotional and physical stability) of a person's life. In an orderly society, certain behaviors are discouraged because they undermine the integrity of a person's thoughts and actions. Likewise, in structural engineering, the use of certain materials and the implementation of certain construction practices are discouraged because they weaken the structural integrity of a building.    In human cultures, the evolution of ethical systems is facilitated by the remembrance of the many human actions that undermine the integrity of a person's thoughts and actions. These remembrances are recorded in the cultural lore, research, technical writings, and literature accrued over many centuries. The remembrance of human actions in this way may not be an exact science, but it does have scientific characteristics. Both the scientific approach and the more informal accumulation of human knowledge evident in social rule sets manifest ever higher levels of social organization. At some point, however, the pace of social evolution will increase to such a level that the traditional method of determining ethical behavior must move from an informally evolving system of knowledge to a formally evolving one. Social engineering is an ideal way to meet the high level of responsiveness to change that a highly dynamic social system demands.    Social engineering cannot become a respectable science if it cannot define certain forces and principles of action that lie at the foundations of cultural growth. The discovery of precisely which principles of human action extend the survivability of the species, and which do not, can only follow from a thorough analysis of human behavior. A survey of laws, customs, manners, and beliefs that have survived for thousands of years might be an appropriate starting point for such an inquiry. If an immense number of behaviors have been tried over centuries of social construction, then those behaviors that have prevailed will begin to form an outline of the hidden forces that sustain them. And, if there are forces hidden from direct experience, and those forces ultimately influence the survival of organisms, animals, and humans, then evolutionary biology takes on a whole new meaning. Survival thus becomes a function of acting in parity with fundamental principles of organic action, and extinction becomes a function of falling below a threshold of sensitivity sufficient to survive and adapt to the environment.    An example of this might be seen in structural engineering. Investigation into the nature of the physical properties of materials uncovered a series of clues and information that led to the formation of the engineering sciences. As more became known about the different kinds of structural material, the more clearly an outline of the principles of materials science emerged. Physical materials have very real limits and characteristics. If these limits are not considered in structural designs, the buildings they produce may eventually fail from uncommon stresses and strains.    In engineering, the sum total of all turning, deflecting, and stressing forces on a structural member at a particular point is calculated as its moment. In social engineering, the same type of calculation is possible. An ethical moment might be calculated as the sum total of all influences and conditions under which a person decides to act on a problem that is inherently risky or stressful. Since human relationships are complex, many stresses and strains can suddenly converge, putting a person's emotions to a severe test. The negative effects of many questionable behaviors overlaid on one another in the same moment can accumulate to produce stresses and emotions that go out of control and invite disaster. Social morality, in the main, has always reflected a conservative estimation of which activities are healthy and should be pursued, and which can cause problems if one is not prudent in the entire management of one's life system.    Encouraging the evolution of moral science is inherently risky. There is a certain elegance to human deceptions that justifies wrongdoing. In this respect, the idea of an ethical moment is itself questionable. It is an interesting idea, but can it really produce ethical understanding over extended periods of social evolution? Thus, there is, in theory, a certain priority to classical moral thinking that takes precedent over newer ideas a moral science may attempt to assert.    Part of the risk inherent in using a new science to further self-serving political causes can be offset by the way it is broken down into separate categories of description. A theoretical model thus can be verified from several scientific viewpoints. Some of these have already been discussed. Other more specialized areas might include dynamic equilibrium, social equilibrium, flow, systemic efficiency, synchronization, dynamic balance, and systemic interface. In all these categories, subtle reasons for the evolution of ethical systems become apparent. These influences may not seem as important as larger moral concerns such as lying, cheating, stealing, and killing, but they do have an important influence on the fostering of higher and higher levels of civilization. Social Equilibrium    Even though dynamic systems are in motion, they experience a form of equilibrium. Music has motion, yet it also establishes a familiar theme, defining a sense of dynamic equilibrium. Once a fairly predictable system of variations on a theme is presented, notes falling outside the norm can create a dissonance in the listener's ear.    Life in process is much like a symphony. While there is a wide spectrum of variation in human behaviors, there are, in theory, boundaries of equilibrium that cannot be crossed without causing dissonance. When cultures have experienced what can be called boundary problems for generations, certain moral views are likely to have evolved that assign a certain degree of moral value to a particular behavior. Social engineering, in this light, becomes a science concerned with discerning limits and boundaries across an immense spectrum of possible human behaviors.    Social equilibrium can be either of the positive or negative type. Positive social equilibrium is highly tolerant of extremes. It accepts a wide diversity of talents in order to gain the maximum social benefit. Negative social equilibrium does not tolerate a wide diversity of ideas and talents, particularly if they come from outside a closed circle of authorities. In such a tightly closed system, peace and tranquility are maximized at the expense of diversity. This yields a certain uninspired peace, but undermines long-term survival, as outside competition will, given the opportunity, throw off the authority of an ingrown power structure.    Both types of equilibrium possess desirable qualities. Evolving systems may experience times when they close, in much the same way humans need sleep to regain their focus and energy. Tolerance of diversity creates certain discomforts that are eventually overcome by the benefits which tolerance inspires. If nothing good comes of it, the system moves from a positive to a negative state in defense of its energies.    In either case, exceeding certain levels of disruption engenders societal disequilibrium which in turn inspires a response to curtail such activity. In this way, certain moral practices are encouraged or denied on the basis of their effects on the social equilibrium. The established equilibrium becomes a reference point by which subsequent behaviors are gauged. While the moral nature of certain activities remains more or less fixed, behavior in general is determined in a flux of systemic changes that can be estimated in the conceptualization of an ethical moment. Flow    Social engineering has been an integral part of society for countless generations. Its influence can be seen, for example, in the construction of a vast highway system. With highways, many rules have evolved to govern the traffic. The primary focus of these rules relates to a necessary flow of traffic uninterrupted by accidents. Once traffic rules are implemented, there is greater systemic efficiency, reduced risk to health and welfare, and the synchronization of the policies of many communities into a single unified system.    The ideas of flow and equilibrium have some common characteristics. In both instances, the outcome of good social flow, or social equilibrium, is a greater predictability of events. Once a certain amount of flow is established in a society, people can plan for the future in ways that they could not if such predictability were not present. For example, if there were no predictable patterns of flow on the highways, it would be very difficult to plan a long trip. Good flow allows for planning, and planning facilitates a higher level of systemic efficiency through the synchronization of activities, which results in good flow.    Good flow is something many businesses, such as banks, are interested in. Take, for example, a person's credit rating. If a man repays all his debts on time, without reminders or coercion, he receives the highest credit rating. If he must be prompted to repay what is owed, this fact is recorded in a personal credit history. Large financial institutions, which process immense numbers of loans, are under pressure to take only those applicants whose credit record is the very best. If it is not as good as it could be, the lender will charge a higher interest rate to offset the potential cost of the slight risk and of having to occasionally remind the borrower that he has a debt to be paid. If his credit record reveals many problems, he will not be loaned the money at all. Lending done on an immense scale, at low interest rates, requires a certain predictable flow of revenues from interest and principle payments. Borrowers who are constantly late in their payments incur costs that disrupt the flow of business. When this happens, banking begins to move from being a lending process to being a collection agency. Those with bad credit must then seek out the more marginal lending institutions that charge considerably more for their services and are better positioned to deal with the disruptiveness of troublesome clients. Dynamic Balance    The flow of information reaches its theoretical maximum in balanced systems. When a large system approaches a state of balance, the subsystems that comprise its construction are reasonably in balance. In this efficient state, feedback and information cross systemic boundaries, freely and unobstructed.    Another meaning of the word balance has to do with the emotional and economic exchanges that operate between people, their friends, and the community. In close relationships, actions spontaneously arise and information flows unobstructed. In these relationships, the participants strike a balance, and with effort, maintain it. This is necessary in a fast-paced, dynamic system that, like a rapidly spinning wheel, can fly apart from vibrations set up by imbalance. The fluidity of communications in balanced systems facilitates immediate feedback so a problem can be immediately remedied. Systemic Efficiency    If the evolution of rule systems can be shown to be linked to the survival of humans as individuals or as a species, then systemic efficiency becomes an important element in the construction of those rule systems. In a highly competitive world where humans not only compete with each other for scarce resources, but also with other organisms in the environment, the efficiency of each competitor's actions may determine who prevails.    The evolution of human moral systems appears to be a highly efficient method of maximizing human potential and minimizing conflicts and inefficiency. In a society in which people are defined by their moral characteristics, the economics of operating a large social system becomes much easier. In order for business, government, and education to run smoothly, efficiently, and productively, the many parts that make up their construction must be interchangeable. For example, a person's work habits and reputation as an honest, diligent, and methodical worker are important considerations in hiring new employees. Employers do not always have time to train new employees. Thus, behavioral characteristics, as well as occupational characteristics, allow a greater efficiency to be manifest in a society as there is an increase in the interchangeability of its parts.    Another aspect of morality implied in consideration of systemic efficiency is time and place constraints on certain types of human activities. A female bank teller who goes to work in attire more appropriate for a nightclub will invariably disrupt the tranquility and flow of business. Since it is more appropriate and profitable for banks to focus on aspects of business rather than sex, behaviors that profit the bank will naturally prevail over all other considerations, reinforcing and perpetuating a social custom that separates all activities by their times and places.    Simply because a certain activity is not wholly efficient does not mean it is automatically out of place in the construction of a harmonious society. Efficiency done for efficiency's sake creates a tyranny of efficiency that diminishes the spirit of human endeavor. Deoptimization is sometimes necessary to sustain other, more important considerations.    In theory, the interaction between culture and biology results in societies moving to higher levels of order and efficiency, which then results in finer distinctions of law and morality. The original human impulse to make rules may be traced to the need to survive. But as societies have become more sophisticated, efficiencies of societal organization have begun to dictate what the rules will be. As the world becomes more complex, an increase in the synchronization of its many parts becomes vital to its long-term survival. Societal efficiency is achieved by organizing activities congruent with the priority and appropriateness to their time and place. Customs and manners, therefore, evolve as an extension of the social morality to further distinguish between behaviors that are good and bad, efficient and counterproductive.    If there is not a concomitant increase in synchronization, the social frictions and inefficiencies that follow will invariably affect the quality of life and the ability of that culture to compete militarily and economically with other nations. These results occur because in a highly dynamic system reliant on a high degree of systemic coordination, small disruptions can have an exaggerated effect on the peace, prosperity, and productivity of the larger society. Morality thus evolves to another level of complexity when viewed as a function of societal efficiency. What follows, in ethical terms, are time and place constraints on a multitude of human behaviors to increase social synchronization. Communications and Systemic Interface    Verbal and written communications are highly refined and efficient forms of social feedback. When problems arise, there is cultural feedback by way of verbal, nonverbal, and written communication. Over centuries, an accumulative remembrance of these feedbacks begins to define those human actions that work and those that do not. This knowledge in turn becomes part of the foundation of a culture's formal educational system.    Learning to communicate, and learning about the society, is not all that a person must do to cope effectively in a highly competitive environment. One must be able to interface a personal world of ideas, skills, and desires with an external world that may have considerably different ideas, skills, and desires. As a person matures, he or she becomes part of an increasingly complex system of relationships, obligations, and hierarchies of authority. As society evolves more rapidly, a person's ability to assimilate into it with ease becomes more difficult. Failure to communicate well, or failure to acknowledge simple manners, customs, and laws, can lead to violent conflicts between people. Therefore, communicating and assimilating in a dynamic social system require ever more complex and sophisticated educational techniques.    A comparison can be made between educating a child and programming a computer to function. A computer's behavior is defined by its operating system. A child's behavior is determined by education, cultural climate, and genetic variables. Before a computer can begin to function, it must have its operating system installed. Before children can fully assimilate into their culture, they must have a working knowledge of their culture's operating system by way of an understanding of its history, morals, laws, and customs. A person can gain such knowledge through direct experience or formal education. Since the number of experiences needed to assimilate well is immense, the more efficient route is by way of formal education. In other words, a person must know something about the world if he or she expects to function well. While learning history, language, and literature may sometimes seem useless, these studies are a complex and sometimes subtle means by which powerful behavioral abstractions are conveyed to young people, allowing them to participate in, and enjoy, a civilized world without having to repeat the mistakes of the past.    On each level of human experience, there are many people who have worked for years to establish themselves as a political, social, or intellectual force within a particular group. This means that a young person who is attempting to assimilate into a particular social system must first accommodate its power structure. Consequently, gaining acceptance in society requires the use of good assimilative techniques. A person must not only learn how to communicate well, but also to interface well morally, culturally, and intellectually.    In theory, social growth is maximized under conditions in which social assimilation occurs with the least amount of friction. The socializing dynamic is like an opening and closing circle of life that relies on the energies of more and more people to sustain its high degree of harmony and productivity. At some point, there is a triple point, (a chemistry term) where the socializing process, the communicative process, and the systemic interface processes merge as one. In this highly efficient state, dissemination and comprehension of societal feedbacks are at their maximum. But in order for people to attain a high degree of integration with social and political power structures, they must overcome a certain degree of selfishness. Thus, the price of admission to society must begin with the genuine recognition that there are other people in it. And this fact must be learned repeatedly on every social and economic level.    Recognizing that other people exist in a society, and have rights and considerations owed to them, is also part of the moralizing process. It is a process that begins in early educational training. Since students must learn to cope with a wide spectrum of behaviors and cultural backgrounds early in their lives, they are learning not only assimilation skills, but communication skills as well. If, in this process, people lose sight of the virtues of the rules of the society in which they are growing up, they will be at a disadvantage in being able to fully assimilate later on.    Society is a highly compartmentalized structure. A person may wish to migrate through the society either horizontally or vertically. In either case there are certain matching requirements that must be met in order to move much distance socially. A person cannot force himself or herself from one system to another. Each level of aspiration can be thought of as a separate system. To move easily from one system to another, an effective interface must exist or be built to facilitate the journey. A computer does not simply download binary bits of information directly into a telephone line to communicate with another computer. It must first establish recognizable protocols with the other computer. It does so through modems that provide an interface between the two computers. Similarly, it is refined communications that ultimately pave the way for effective social assimilation. This takes place by means of the construction of a workable interface between people in all social systems.    If a person has moved from one system to another by way of good matching characteristics, staying in that newer system is another matter. Movement between systems requires not only a knowledge of protocols, but also an acceptable way of behaving. For instance, if a woman enters an elegant and well-maintained mansion with dirt on her shoes, it does not take much awareness to see that she does not belong in that house. In the interfacing process, subtle feedbacks will illuminate the indiscretion of such insensitivity. If the woman responds, she moves forward to the next task of learning the subtle proprieties of being in elegant houses. If she does not respond, she is not invited back and therefore fails to interface with this particular system. It is a process that goes on continuously as a person matures and learns to integrate with society as a recognized social member. Sensitivity to a vast array of morals and manners is an essential ingredient in the interface process, as well as respect for the structure of its authorities.    In the final analysis, it is difficult to regard morals as relativistic notions of right and wrong that, after all, are only people's opinions. There simply is no way to maximize the potential of a nation or a person without pursuing and instilling a sense of propriety in the smallest detail. Civilization today, while theoretically only in its infancy, is an immense and powerful structure composed of thousands of highly refined subsystems. The refined areas of knowledge and cultural experience form the foundation of a conceptually stable universe. While some moral prohibitions that evolve from this knowledge may seem prudish and out of place, they are, nevertheless, the end product of thousands of years of careful civilization-building that have wisely used certain information implicit in environmental feedbacks to guide the future. In this light, when cybernetics is incorporated into the idea of ethical evolution, grasping the notion that reason (or reasons) lies at the foundation of ethics becomes both clear and necessary. And once the idea of reason is discerned, the notion that first principles of ethics do in fact exist becomes that much easier to understand. Resources         .

 

 

 

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Chapter 9 NOTES

Urban planners go to great effort to design the layout of cities. Streets, sidewalks, plants and architecture are all considered in the design of cities, but, there is no equivalent when it comes to the planning of a nation. It could be said that the development of the nation's economy, its infrastructure and laws at times has been rather hit or miss. As poorer nations effectively compete for the manufacture of goods and the providing of services America looses ground economically. There is no way out of this downward economic spiral except to set high political, economic, and social goals. The most effective way to do this is to streamline the America political and economic system. For example, the American economic model is a dinosaur of inefficiency. Looking back centuries in advance the nation's economy might be seen as the little steam engine that could despite and real understanding in that future time of how the economy could have survived so long being so inefficient and disorganized. One could use the comparison of the efficiency of an early design of a steam engine to the efficiency of a 747 jet engine. There is a world of difference between the efficiency and reliability of the two. In another area the legal system is a dinosaur of inefficiency. As this inefficiency the nation it is beginning to slide back, or devolve socially and politically. For example, every year more and more police and prison guards are hired. There is no end to the expansion of crime and this is perfectly understandable in such a fragmented political and economic system. It takes efficiency and organization to overcome the devolution of the American nation. The social engineering outlined in chapter nine of The Evolution of Ethics conveys a taste of the engineering of social systems. Chapter nine was not written to directly address the issue of social engineering on a large scale. That is the task of the future book Theoretical Law and Social Engineering: Derivations of Peace which has been in the works for almost thirty years. Nevertheless an examination of Chapter 9, Chapter 5, Chapter 6 and Chapter 7might be helpful in seeing where this is going. Chapter 7 gives a glimpse how social issues are quantified.

S.E. Bromberg

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